Impact of a water Jet laboratory Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Effect of a water Jet lab - Lab Report Example All through the world, water turbines have been utilized in the age of intensity. This happens when water that is feeling the squeeze strikes the turbine vane therefore delivering mechanical work. The power that is created gives out rotational movement when the fly hits the vanes. An away from of a water turbine is the Pelton wheel. This type of a turbine has more than one water planes which are ordinarily extraneously coordinated towards vanes which are fixed on the turbine plate edge. The water makes an effect on the vanes creating a torque on the wheel. The torque makes the wheel to turn in this manner creating power. The forecast of the pelton wheel’s yield and assurance of the ideal speed of revolution requires the comprehension of the jet’s avoidance to deliver a power at the can and its connection to the energy pace of the fly. This examination investigates the different powers that are applied by a water fly on various plates. In this trial, the estimation of th e created power when a water fly strikes a redirector was acquired. Hypothesis. At whatever point a flat water stream with a speed v1 hits an openly moving plate, a power would be created to the plate through the jet’s sway. This power, as per the hypothesis of energy is equivalent to the required power in bringing back the plate in the underlying position. This power ought to be same as the pace of force change of the streaming water towards that heading. In such manner, when F is a power of adjusting expected to restore the plate to the first position, it implies that; F = Ï  Ç ª (v1-v2), where V2 remembers the speed of the fly for the bearing that is level subsequent to hitting the plate, V2 is positively zero. This suggests F = Ï  Ç ª v1F = ? O v1 F= , where is the jet’s cross-sectional region. The count of the power because of the planes sway on a plate requires the use of the force change standard. As per this guideline, the power created is equal to the pace of energy change. This is given by the condition that depicted. Also, the volume of the pace of stream in the above condition could be determined in the test by ascertaining the amount of the volume in a particular timeframe. Thos condition would be given by; Q=v/t. V1 could be determined in the investigation through distinguishing the spout speed and utilizing the conditions of movement. V2, then again, could be gotten by estimating the nozzle’s distance across and utilizing the condition of movement. In this way, Vnozzel= Q/A. V1 could be determined utilizing; V12 = Vnozzel2-2gs where by g speaks to speeding up because of gravity, S speaks to the separation in the middle of the plates and the stream. From these figurings, the p ower for the hemispherical cup is F = 2 ? O v1. For the level plate, F = ? O v1. Mechanical assembly. In this examination, the accompanying contraption were utilized; pressure driven seat, water stream device, stacking weight, stopwatch, gauging tank, and diverters like the half of the globe, plate, and slant. Examination techniques. In this exploratory set up, the technique was as follow. The level plate was fitted on the contraption. Subsequent to fitting the cup, water was expelled from theâ cup through fixing the holding screw and lifting it out. This is finished utilizing the free spread plate. The spread plate was fitted over the dance plate stem while holding it in position under the shaft. At that point, the holding screw was in a bad way and fixed. It was then that the weigh-pillar was set

The East Indian Presence

The last name Thompson Is one of Scottish not too bad. In any case, the individual who claims the name has literally nothing to do with the Scottish, This Is a typical situation for the numerous that Inhabit the little Island of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad, where the number of inhabitants in â€Å"just over a million people,† as it is informally discussed, is a huge mosaic of various ethnicities from various pieces of the world, and outsiders from every ethnicity came a wide range of reasons.These reasons, after some time, have come to incorporate subjection, contracted bondage, slave proprietorship, better lives, private organizations, and in the end relaxation. Most of the Trinitarian populace Is included individuals from East Indian parentage. L, alongside my maternal side of the family fall into this classification. East India alludes to the nation on the Asian landmass where many know the locals for outlandish flavors, vivid embroidered works of art, and workmanship mad e by hand that makes a feeling of the far and mysterious place that is known for India many envision as unreachable.But in the United States they are reachable, for very nearly 100 ears now, and today we share the America we as a whole love with them as companions, associates, colleagues, and neighbors. In any case, It was not so first and foremost. East Indians went to the US to make a decent footing In the American long for all. Rather than invites, however, they were met with the preferences of the â€Å"white men† that standard the land with their shameful and racial hands. They were blamed for being lazy and negative to the nation notwithstanding their commitments to the economy of the Pacific Coast.The East Indians started their development out of India by first arriving In Quite a while. The Immigrants originated from a wide range of territories of India, for example, Bengal, Gujarat, and the assembled Provinces. The publicity pushed by Canadian managers made the impre ssion of chance and achievement in taking a shot at the railways. L The treatment the Indians got in British Columbia, be that as it may, was not exactly reasonable for a persevering worker. Many showed up there with verbal agreements for work that were rarely recognized, and everyday environments unsatisfactory for the serious winters they encountered.From there, around 1907, they discovered their way down to the Pacific Coast of the US looking for more amicable bosses and better wages and climate. 2 They settled to a great extent in Bellingham, Washington, and parts of Oregon, working in stumble factories. In these zones, it was simple for Indians to feel increasingly good grinding away since factory proprietors were unconcerned with their turbans or their skin shading. 3 Soon, there were around 1,072 Indian foreigners in the United States. 4 When in the long run Euro-Americans got on to how Indians might be imperiling their Jobs, several them grumbled to the factory proprietors a bout being supplanted and workers.As an aftereffect of these activities, Euro-Americans had the option to persuade managers that it was perilous and flighty to have the â€Å"rag-heads,† as they called them, working for them and removing Jobs from white specialists. One can see the affectation in the circumstance in the event that one returns to the dormant and unstable nature of these Euro-Americans themselves. Because of these shameful acts, the East Indians had to move further south into California. 5 As Indians entered California, in around 1907, their numbers again expanded to around 1,782.Many moved to the port of San Francisco and the little city of Chic, Just north of San Francisco, in light of the ideal treatment they got. Many set to work with the West Pacific Railway where inevitably there were upwards of 2,000 Indians taking a shot at the Pacific Railroad. As additional time passed by, less Indians worked the railways after 1908 however they finished the developme nt of numerous extensions, passages, and railroad area work somewhere in the range of 1907 and 1909. The Indians at that point directed their concentration toward farming in 1910, during Californians agribusiness boom.This gave numerous Jobs to the Indians. 6 But in another treacherous reaction to their difficult work, Indians were currently confronted with resistance by various associations. One of the associations that demonstrated resolved to keep out Indians was the Asiatic Exclusion League. The Asiatic Exclusion League utilized their powerful status to compose Congress on a few events about the â€Å"detrimental† impact that they trusted Indians had on the American individuals. These â€Å"detrimental† influences included everything from mechanical impacts to moral effects.The Asiatic Exclusion League attempted to its fullest to repress accomplishment for the â€Å"Asiatic† (Asiatic likewise incorporated the Japanese, Korean, and Filipino individuals of Eas tern Asia) however much as could reasonably be expected so as to guarantee their evacuation and expulsion if conceivable. In 1910, the Asiatic Exclusion League additionally moved the evacuation of Indians by depicting the manner in which they live as a negligence for â€Å"the respectabilities of life†. 7 In the later long stretches of 1910, the quantity of Indians conceded into the United States started to diminish and by June 1910, some were dismissed and needed to discover ways around the fundamental ports to get into the country.Indians attempted backup courses of action through Hawaii, Mexico, and in any event, covering up until they could go unnoticed with the individuals who were tot ousted. 8 When one contemplates what the â€Å"American Dream† implies, is what the Indians experienced what rings a bell? For most it isn't so troublesome. Many may see an unequivocal battle, until an incredible open door introduces itself that can set one's predetermination on the ideal way that one can be effective and pass that achievement onto further generations.But what Indians suffered in going to the United States, is by all accounts more troublesome than one as a rule foresees in attempting to experience the â€Å"American Dream. † What can be said for the Indians and their supposed â€Å"American experience,† is that hello achieved what they expected to so as to push past all the shameful acts experienced and push ahead. Yet, I can't state that they had the option to appreciate the aftereffects of every one of their endeavors. Almost 100 years after the fact, relatively few know about either their endeavors on the Pacific railways or the hardships they suffered when that time in the United States.While numerous different ethnicities can glance back at history books and read about their predecessors' undertakings and commitments to the United States, those of East Indian better than average can't do as such as without any problem. East Indian he endeavors of the other Asiatic who came looking for a similar work. Just they are apparently credited, while the East Indian nearness in United States history appears to be practically nonexistent. In any case, as one strolls down the various and multicultural road of Devon Avenue, one experiences a wide range of societies and peoples.But one culture specifically that is conspicuous and notable is the segment known as â€Å"Little India. † This segment is loaded up with a wide range of spots that one may plan to just find in India itself. Shops that sell saris, the customary attire worn by ladies, and pay zamia, the rotational dress worn by men, cafés that promote their numerous Indian nourishments, and even Jewelry stores with the most valuable and expound Indian gold. These shops line the road in the most fancy manner. This area of Devon Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, is a genuine case of the nearness and story of the East Indian people groups. Devon Avenue is home to a wide range of societies and ethnicities on a few boulevards, however where the Indians for the most part possess is close by Mohammed All Zinnia Way and Mahatma Gandhi Mark. This area is otherwise called â€Å"Little India†. Here one sees a totally new condition, one that totally envelopes the way of life, lives, and environmental factors of local India. I have been to India previously and was amazed to feel as if I had returned. Everything looked genuine and legitimate. As I checked out I expected to see Indians who may look and dress as if impacted by the American culture, however this was a remarkable contrary.There were men, ladies, and youngsters strolling around dressed as though they Just showed up from India. Ladies wear brilliantly hued saris, ones that, as indicated by Mrs†¦ Patella, a lady I halted outside one of the sari-selling stores, â€Å"†¦ Re precisely, if worse than those in India. What's more, the adornments is the absolute generally brill iant there is. â€Å"10 Redcap, creator of Ethnic Routes to Becoming an American: Indian Immigrants and the Cultures of Citizenship depicts precisely the same scene in the backtalk's the point at which she first comes to America.There are, shockingly, additionally numerous video stores that declare their Plywood substance and vociferously publicize with â€Å"film tunes† and, as Redcap delineates, â€Å"window-hung Indian film banners, including red-lipped, curvaceous ladies inclining toward exposed cheated, agonizing men in skin tight calfskin pants. 11 One man, Visual Ramparts, ventured to such an extreme as to state that â€Å"Devon resembles an India from India†¦ When my mom misses India (my dad) takes her here and lets her go through the day, at that point she can finally relax. â€Å"12 All this and more adds to the Indian story here in America.The story of the Indian people groups is an exhausting one. They needed to battle for quite a while with the goal that America could hear their voices. What's more, when in the long run they did, the Indians could feel increasingly great and acknowledged in their environmental factors. Since they were presently agreeable and a greater amount of them would do well to motivations to remain and bring beneficiary families, in 1985 they represented more than 500,000 inside the United States populace. 13 Many of the migrants settled in urban territories like New York , Miami, Anaheim, Washington D. C. , Houston, San Francisco, and obviously Chicago. 4 With the settlement of these outsiders in these territories, they made segments with extraordinary assorted variety which pulled in numerous different ethnicities, or urged them to make areas for themselves. In any case, ove

Jackson

Jackson Jackson. 1 City (1990 pop. 37,446), seat of Jackson co., S Mich., on the Grand River; inc. 1857. It is an industrial and commercial center in a farm region. The city's chief manufactures are machinery, aerospace components, transportation and electronic equipment, food, metal products, and construction materials. Several automobile models were pioneered in Jackson in the early 20th cent. The first Republican party convention was held in the city on July 6, 1854. Nearby are Spring Arbor College and a state prison. 2 City (1990 pop. 196,637), state capital and seat of Hinds co., W central Miss., on the Pearl River; inc. 1833. It is the state's largest city and geographic center, with important rail, warehouse, and distribution operations. Industries include food processing and the manufacture of glass, paper, and metal products; lumber; machinery; consumer goods; furniture; and concrete. The site of the city, a trading post known as Le Fleur's Bluff near the Natchez Trace , was chosen and laid out as the state capital in 1821 and named for Andrew Jackson . The first U.S. law giving property rights to married women was passed there in 1839. During the Civil War, Jackson was a military center for the Vicksburg campaign and was largely destroyed by Sherman's forces in 1863. The old capitol (1839) is preserved as a museum; the new capitol was completed in 1903. Among the many points of interest are the governor's mansion (erected 1839); city hall, which was used as a hospital during the Civil War; a 220-acre (89-hectare) scale model of the Mississippi River flood control system; Mynelle's Gardens; Jackson Zoological Park; museums of art, natural history, state history, and civil rights; a notable Confederate monument; Eudora Welty 's home; and many antebellum houses. Belhaven College, Jackson State Univ., and the Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center are there, and nearby are Tougaloo College and Mississippi College. During the 1960s, Jackson was the scene o f considerable racial unrest. 3 City (1990 pop. 48,949), seat of Madison co., W Tenn., on the South Fork of the Forked Deer River; founded by a nephew of Andrew Jackson, inc. 1823. It is a processing and rail shipping point for an extensive farm area. The city has railroad shops and industries that package food and produce textiles and consumer goods. Jackson's development as a trucking center has added to its economic strength. It is the seat of Lane College, Lambuth College, and Union Univ. Nearby are the West Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station of the Univ. of Tennessee and a state park with Native American mounds. Casey Jones is buried in Jackson; his home and the Casey Jones railroad museum are here. A tornado in 2003 severely damaged sections of the city. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Similes in Homers Iliad Essay - 1866 Words

An Examination of Similes in the Iliad - and how Homers Use of Them Affected the Story In the Iliad, Homer finds a great tool in the simile. Just by opening the book in a random place the reader is undoubtedly faced with one, or within a few pages. Homer seems to use everyday activities, at least for the audience, his fellow Greeks, in these similes nearly exclusively. When one is confronted with a situation that is familiar, one is more likely to put aside contemplating the topic and simply inject those known feelings. This would definitely be an effective tactic when used upon the people of Homers day. From the heroic efforts in the Iliad itself it is clear that the populace of his time were highly emotional creatures, and higher†¦show more content†¦The Greek ranks are painted as a throng of weak-kneed wimps with their constitution sapped, obviously not the case as they go on to win the war, but it suffices to cast the Lycians in a negative light. A short, but emotionally appealing, simile is found after the Greek warriors have changed their mind about leaving and return to the Scamander: quot;They stood as thick upon the flower-bespangled field as leaves that bloom in summer.quot; This scene assumes quite a juxtaposition. A flower-bespangled battlefield? This is perhaps an attempt to show the absurdity of the Greek army, changing positions from fleeing to brazenness as flowers are to the field of death. Near the beginning of Book Three a group of elders of Troy, not fighting material, but skilled orators, are found resting on the tower quot;like cicadas that chirrup delicately from the boughs of some high tree in a wood.quot; The cicadas song and the quot;tree in a woodquot; cast memories of repose and relaxation, rest and peace, which are then injected into the quot;delicatequot; elders. Another attempt of Homer to cast the Trojans in a favorable light. Later in the same book Ptolemaeus is Homers vehicle for putting down the Greeks again. Upon seeing shirkers of the front line of battle he likens them to quot;frightened fawns who, when they can no longer scud over the plain huddleShow MoreRelatedAn Examination of Similes in the Iliad - and How Homers Use of Them a1908 Words   |  8 PagesAn Examination of Similes in the Iliad - and how Homers Use of Them Affected the Story In the Iliad, Homer finds a great tool in the simile. Just by opening the book in a random place the reader is undoubtedly faced with one, or within a few pages. Homer seems to use everyday activities, at least for the audience, his fellow Greeks, in these similes nearly exclusively. When one is confronted with a situation that is familiar, one is more likely to put aside contemplating the topic andRead More Iliad Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pages quot;The Iliadquot;, an epic tale told by the famous Greek author Homer, is focused primarily on the Trojan War between the Greeks, or Argives, and the Trojans. This war was filled with bloody battles and a massive loss of life. Homer tells stories about a duration of time during this fighting, and not the entire war. He uses his story-telling abilities to focus the audience on the garish and sometimes mundane drudgery of war. Due to his removal from the actual time of these battles, his storiesRead MoreThe Age Of Homer s Iliad861 Words   |  4 PagesThe age of Homer’s Iliad is one of the key factors to understanding the many ways in which the theme of authority is relevant to it. From a historical standpoint, the age of the Iliad is relevant as it allows us an insight into the lives of Greeks during a period about which little is known (Robson, 2014, p.238). It is commonly accepted that the Iliad and the later Od yssey were originally composed as part of an oral tradition (Ibid) and only written down at some point in the mid sixth century (IbidRead MoreThe Iliad Of All Time Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesall time. Clearly, Homer’s original poem, the Iliad, influenced Virgil’s Aeneid to a large degree not only in plot setting and characters, but the similarities manifest at the literary level, for instance devices such as the same heroic meter, illustrious similes, allegory, ekriphas, division into books, even though way that the Greeks and Trojans are portrayed amongst many others are features of both works. However, there are striking differences between the two, while the Iliad relies heavily onRead MoreIliad - Self image1193 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Iliad Essay Prompt 1. Complete one take home essay. Provide textual evidence, specific lines and incidents from The Iliad that proves your thesis. You may also draw from The Odyssey. Use in text parenthetical documentation according to MLA standards. The style guide that many colleges use is DianaHacker.com. We will use this style guide for both MLA format and grammar and mechanics. If you have any questions about MLA format, refer to DianaHacker.com. This paper needs to read asRead MoreAchilles Pursuit Of Hector Essay1025 Words   |  5 PagesAchilles’ Pursuit of Hector In The Iliad, Homer uses vivid similes developed over several lines to enhance the atmosphere of the scene. Assisting the reader to understand the vastness of the situation and enhance imagery, these epic similes immerse the reader in an alternate, distinct, seemingly detached, image directly comparing it to what is occurring in the story. In Achilles’ pursuit of Hector, Homer did this using two similes rather than one. Both similes hold different imagery of the sameRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad 1310 Words   |  6 Pageswas a writer who performed this feat throughout the entirety of the Iliad and showed his unique ability to weave a tale full of similes that both enhanced and unified his story. Although Homer used a variety of subjects in his similes, and many of them had a common thread. Homer’s unique ability was to create a tale so descriptive that the listener was able to fully immerse him or herself into the story. His usage of similes magnified th is ability. Homer focused on the common characteristic ofRead MoreThe Horrors of War Exposed in Homers Iliad1379 Words   |  6 Pages The Horrors of War Exposed in Homer’s Iliad nbsp; There- Harpalion charged Menelaus - King Pylaemenes son Whod followed his father into war at Troy But he never reached his fatherland again. He closed on Atrides, spear stabbing his shield Right on the boss but the bronze could not drive through, So back he drew to his ranks, dodging death, glancing Left and right, fearing a lance would graze his flesh. But Meriones caught him in full retreat, he let fly With a bronze-tippedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 12 Of The Iliad 894 Words   |  4 PagesHis True Nature Following the demise of Troy, the Achaean’s mighty fortification is destined to fall not by mere mortal strength, but rather, the selfish act of divine intervention. In Book 12 of the Iliad, Homer’s narration is centralized around the Greek’s mighty fortifications, the fortress that agitates the gods. The author begins the story by describing Zeus’s plans to dismantle the Greek rampart. The author makes the god’s plan manifest when Hector chastises Polydamas for his foresight andRead MoreEssay On Simile In The Iliad790 Words   |  4 Pages The Homeric simile is a trademark of the epic poem. It describes an extended simile, which continues for lines on end, and the extended simile’s vehicle often describes multiple characteristics of its tenor (Cite Sharon Hamilton!). Homer uses the Homeric simile throughout The Iliad to describe the Trojan or Achaean people and/or army as a group. Yet, the Homeric simile also applies to an individual many t imes throughout the text, specifically, The Iliad’s protagonist: Achilles. Achilles is a complex

Different Environments At High School - 1331 Words

Different Environments Eight in the morning, thousands of teenagers walking through a single gate. Hundreds of them walking in the same hallways. Just an average high school one would think, but that was not the case for me and the 300 other students that attended Middle College High School (MCHS). Due to so, when people heard about it, there was a sense of confusion. How could such a small school compare to other, bigger, schools? What good was that? Many people doubted the students’ potential because of the various rumors that misstated the idea that a smaller environment would minimize their potential for growth. On the other hand, although being in such a different environment was difficult, it was an overall, extremely beneficial†¦show more content†¦These two statements are accurate due to the fact that students in a smaller school get more attention: the teachers know them more and are more willing to help. In a bigger school, a student that is struggling may n ever ask for help. And what then? Nothing. They fall through the cracks and before one knows it, they become dropouts. There is no way any teacher can learn all the names of 1000 plus teenagers. That leads to a very critical idea: students become a number not a priority. That is the issue. We need schools where one becomes a face, a person, and a life rather than just a number. We need smaller schools. It is a must implantation for greater success. This beneficial action took place in my own high school, Middle College High School (MCHS). Our MCHS staff always went far beyond any means to help us. Our senior class alone consisted of about 80 students. Consequently, our class got individual attention, in comparison to other schools. Whenever one of us was struggling, we knew we could go right up to any of our instructors and

Object Relations Case Formulation Free Essays

string(84) " her grandmother about it and the father admitted to it and entered rehabilitation\." 1. Identifying details Name: Katrina Katryn Age: 20 Gender: Female Marital status: Single Dependents: N/A Highest level of education: Matric Present occupation: Student (Psychology 1st year) Reason for referral: Self exploration, dealing with the past, improving interpersonal experiences. Referral source: Self-referred 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Object Relations Case Formulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Presenting problem She experiences considerable anxiety in interpersonal situations. In addition she has feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness and hopelessness. These difficulties lead to academic concerns and relational problems in her current situation. Her self-esteem is extremely low and she expressed that she hates doubting herself constantly. 3. History of presenting problem. She was sexually abused when she was between 6 and 9 years old. The rest of the time she was emotionally and physically abused. She has always felt inferior and had low self-esteem as long as she can remember. She was diagnosed with depression at age 15 and was put on medication. She cannot remember the name of the anti-depressants and did not remember the exact diagnoses. The feelings of hopelessness and her academic problems has started relatively recently according to her. 4. Past illnesses Psychiatric Mood disorder (She cannot remember the exact diagnoses. ) Medical Nothing significant Anti-depressants (unknown) Adaptive features and Strengths She is intelligent and ambitious. She has shown courage in confronting her father about the abuse and her decision to mend their relationship show courage. She seems to have insight into her difficulties and the processes that keep them alive. She seems to be willing to change and to explore these difficulties in depth. The fact that she removed herself from her deleterious environment in adolescences is indicative of her self-preservative abilities. She is currently in therapy on a self-referral which again points out these abilities. She has taken responsibility of protecting her siblings in the past and the present which indicate her compassion for others. She seems to trust me and it is likely that we will form a therapeutic alliance. 5. Personal history I. Birth and early development As far as Katrinais concerned she was a wanted and welcomed baby although the pregnancy was not planned. The pregnancy was normal at 40 weeks without any complications. She did not experience any serious illnesses and was not involved in any accidents. She reached all her developmental milestones within the average intervals. This thus indicates a normal developmental trajectory throughout infancy. Katrina’s socio-emotional history was significantly compromised by physical, emotional and sexual abuse. She had an extremely wounding relationship with her father who mistreated her and then after the mistreatment behaved alluring towards her. She mentioned this several times during most of our sessions. She also had an ambivalent relationship with her mother during this time. Her mother would at times be very loving, caring and supportive, yet at other times ignore her cries for help and her need for her affection. She did not enjoy any close knit friendships and it seems that the only person she shared a healthy relationship with was her grandmother. This relationship however was constantly under attack from her parents. She described herself as an obedient and shy girl who felt lonely and different. II. Childhood During her childhood Katrina lived in a very traumatic family situation full of psychological, sexual and physical abuse. She mentioned that everything from her childhood was connected to a bitter feeling. She lived with her mother, father and younger sister. Her father was unhappy, aggressive, insecure, but in her childhood she experienced him as a powerful and great authority. Her father was sexually abused as a child. He was very strict and required discipline from his two children, especially from Katrina. He set strict rules and if these were broken, he beat Katrina. If she opposed him and objected to what he said, he hit her. When she was seven years old she was sexually molested by him on a regular basis. This continued until she was 9 years old and then her father stopped the sexual abuse. The emotional and physical abuse nevertheless continued throughout her childhood until she emancipated herself from her parents. Katrina’s socio-emotional history was significantly compromised by physical, emotional and sexual abuse and by the response of her mother during this time. On the one hand her mother was a warmer person than her father but she was subordinated to Katrina’s father. Her mother’s attitude towards her was very variable. Sometimes she was kind and interested in her, yet in cases when she did not like something she scolded, even hit her, which Katrina understood as the end of their relationship and love. But when her mother showed her compassion again, Katrina immediately forgave her. Her mother would at times be very loving, caring and supportive, yet at other times ignore her cries for help and her need for her affection. She did not enjoy any close knit friendships and it seems that the only person she shared a healthy relationship with was her grandmother. This relationship however was constantly under attack from her parents. She described herself as an obedient and shy girl who felt lonely and different. Katrina’s parents often quarrelled with each other, although father was less often physically aggressive towards the mother than towards Katrina. Katrina blamed herself for being the cause of disagreements, e. g. when she wanted something, parents quarrelled, because her father prohibited it while her mother allowed. So Katrina preferred to suppress her wishes and remained quiet to avoid quarrels. According to her conclusion there would be peace at home if she was a good girl. Even at her young age, Katrina had to assume responsibility for her younger sister. She was like her shadow and prevented her (Katrina) from relaxing completely. As mentioned earlier, Katrina’s only solace in her childhood years was her maternal grandmother. According to Katrina she was the only person she felt completely safe with. When Katrina was 9 the sexual abuse from her father stopped, Katrina told her grandmother about it and the father admitted to it and entered rehabilitation. You read "Object Relations Case Formulation" in category "Essay examples" Her mother nevertheless stayed married to him for the meanwhile and Katrina was expected to share a life with him despite the abuses he committed against her. She expressed the wished to stay with her grandmother, who at that time stayed quite close to them. It was however her mother and father’s (I suspect her father’s) decision to move away. Katrina remembered feeling like her world fell into pieces when this event occurred. Katrina and her younger sister were informed that another sister is on the way during this time. Katrina remembered that she was a shy little girl who found it difficult to make new friends. She remembered how difficult the move was for her leaving her friends and grandmother behind. III. Adolescence A stated previously although the sexual abused stopped her father continuously physically abused her until the age of 16 until she emancipated herself and went to live with her grandmother. Katrina explained that this was done despite protests from her mother and father. She went to visit her grandmother one holiday and never returned home. She felt extremely guilty leaving her 2 sisters behind but felt that this was the only way she could fled from the abuse of her father. She is not sure whether or not her father had abused her little sisters sexually but stated that he never physically abused them. Her parents divorced after this and her mother moved to Botswana where she still lives today. Katrina stayed with her Grandmother until she finished school. She did however not speak about her grandmother a lot in our sessions and only mentioned a few superficial accounts. She expressed that she was ordinary in high school and could not remember anything that stands out. She did however comment on the fact that she had a couple of boyfriends she referred to as â€Å"dominating idiots which she could not leave at will although she hated the relationships. She did have 1 or two close friendships. Her father remarried and Katrina has an ambivalent relationship with her stepmom who she describes as manipulating, controlling and mean. IV. Family data Katrina is the first born daughter of her biological parent’s first marriage. She has two younger sisters, X who is 16 and Y who is 13. Her parents divorced when she was a teenager. Her father remarried and has two boys with her stepmom. Her mother and biological sisters stays in Botswana. Katrina sees them at least twice a month when she and her boyfriend go to visit them. Her mother had a boyfriend but they broke up recently when she was in therapy with me. V. Cultural features Katrina is a 20 year old Caucasian woman of the Christian religion. She is English speaking. VI. Social condition She is currently staying in the residence at the University she studies. She seems well looked after. She comes from a typical suburban middleclass background. She is dating a 20 year old guy, who I met. Other than this she has not mentioned other friends. It seems that her boyfriend and her family is her only support system at the moment. 6. Personality Katrina is somewhat introverted and extremely dependent. She seems to be submissive and self-criticizing. She is shy, withdrawn and apologetic. Although she at times seemed optimistic it was clear that this is a mask for her underlying pessimism and distrust in people in general. 7. Mental status examination Katrina was orientated to time space and place. She did not exhibit delusions, hallucinations or cognitive disturbances. She was dressed in line with the latest trends. Her appearance did not seem extravagant yet it was nevertheless neat. Her affect was a bit blunted initially and she did seem a little blocked off. This however changed throughout our sessions. 8. Diagnosis Axis I. Major depressive disorder, Recurrent, Moderate Axis II. Dependent Personality Disorder Axis III. None Axis IV: Problems with primary support group (victim of physical and emotional abuse in childhood; Disruption of family due to parents’ divorce). Problems related to the social environment (inadequate social support). Axis V GAF: 55 :Moderate symptoms and moderate difficulty in social and occupational functioning. Comments: At termination GAF = 80 Good improvements in self-evaluation, self-esteem and assertiveness. Good reality testing and a sense of independence in her relationship with her father. 9. Prognosis Currently it seems that Katrina has dealt with a large part of her experience with the sexual abuse. She has gained some insight on the reasons she is overly dependent on people to make decisions for her and why she feels like she will lose relationships or love when she assert herself in interpersonal situations. Although she will benefit to long term therapy I feel that we have dealt with key aspects in our 7 months together. 10. Case formulation The so called schizoid ego splitting can be noticed in Katrina. In her early relationships Katrina did not have safe attachments. She lived through mistreatment and lack of support, the consequence of which is that children hide their feelings and relational needs. This stops or slows down the process of integration and the ego gets fragmented (Klein, 1987, in Little, 2001). This gives rise to the first degree of a split or withdrawal as described by Fairbairn (1952, in Little, 2001), where the ego splits into coping/every day self (central ego), which maintains the relation with the outer world, and the withdrawn/vulnerable self (libidinal ego), which hides itself. At an early stage of development Katrina could not display some parts of herself, like feelings of vulnerability, anger, playfulness, her own interests, the part connected with relaxation and enjoyment, because for all these she was punished with physical violence and emotional rejection. She most probably hid and suppressed this part of herself and thus the withdrawn/vulnerable self-formed. Outwardly Katrina showed her coping/every day self, which listened to the parents, was good at school and at home, who did not object and had no interests of her own, while being active all the time. During the psychotherapy Katrina mentioned several times that she did not know at all who she was, that she did not know herself and that in interpersonal situations that provoked any form of anxiety she felt like she was falling to bits. She described herself as an abused person and that that is all she is and nothing else. This might be because till then she mostly defined herself through others and through those specific experiences. This particularly describes the process of splitting into both previously mentioned selves, where the authentic self (vulnerable self) hid, while Katrina identified herself with the coping/every day self, which was more social self and represented her adjustments to the wishes of other people around her, like her mother and father. Simultaneously the splitting of external objects, i. . people who were important for her, occurred. The coping/every day self has to maintain a connection with important objects, otherwise the child could not survive on his/her own. This gives the child a sense of security (Little, 2001), which represents a very important need for Katrina, as will be further described in the following section. For Katrina to be able to keep a tolerably good connection with h er mother, she had to separate bad experiences and internalize them, which suppressed her withdrawn/vulnerable self even more. In this way the coping/every day self is connected with the idealized object (Little, 2001), which also holds true in Katrina’s case. At the beginning of psychotherapy Katrina strongly idealized her mother; she spoke only of good experiences with her, not remembering unlikable experiences, since these were split off. Only with on-going therapy was she gradually able to integrate these experiences. She was also very loyal to her mother, defending her all the time, not being angry with her, which all shows a strong tie between the coping self and the idealized object. An example of this the following : Katrina has received various complaints from her sisters and has experienced it for herself that her mother has sex with her boyfriend in the house where everybody in the house can hear everything. According to Katrina these events are quite explicit and make everyone extremely anxious and uncomfortable. She however defended her mother by saying that her mother deserves the happiness and pleasure and that Katrina wants her mother to be happy. â€Å"We can look past this because my mom deserves to be happy†. On the other hand Katrina had isagreeable memories of her father from the very beginning. She mainly blamed him for her ugly childhood, so that Katrina probably formed a split also between both parents (father thus representing the bad object, and mother the good one). Th e vulnerable self is in relation to the exciting/disappointing object (Little, 2001) and this represents the developmentally needed relationship between her mother and Ka trina. Their relationship was very variable, i. e. her mother was warm and kind to Katrina some of the time. Katrina hoped that mother would satisfy her needs, but was later disappointed and rejected by her. I n my judgment Katrina’s mother had great difficulties in getting attuned to Katrina. This resulted in the exciting/disappointing object to be experienced as painful and dangerous by Katrina, which meant that she suppressed this aspect into her unconscious as the disappointment. The withdrawn self, splits further to create the internal saboteur (Fairbairn, 1952, in Little, 2001), which serves to keep the vulnerable self, hidden and repressed. The saboteur’s function is to precede criticism of other important persons and thus regulates a child’s behaviour (Erskine, 2007). It is that is to say easier to bear inner criticism than criticism by important other persons, because this would signify an end of a vital relationship. Katrina on several occasions mentioned that she was afraid to speak her mind in her significant relational circumstances because she feared that it would mean the end of that relationship. It is also too painful to incessantly repeat disappointments due to unmet needs; therefore the inner saboteur blocks these needs and even denies their existence. In Katrina the inner saboteur (anti-libidinal ego) formed, manifesting itself in Katrina’s excessive self-criticism. As early as primary school she criticised herself for her looks, clothes and shoes, her behaviour and her inferior abilities, and she worried that other children might not like her. Through her inner saboteur Katrina constantly controlled herself, her vulnerable self, e. g. , she forced herself to be strong, not to show emotions and to be well-behaved. She kept convincing herself that she didn’t lack anything. Therefore Katrina created an inner saboteur to be able to survive with a violent father and aloof mother. The inner saboteur is in relation with the rejecting/attacking object, which attacks the vulnerable self so that the latter would remain suppressed (Little, 2001). Rejecting/attacking object in Katrina was formed by aggressive reactions of her mother and father, the violence (physical, sexual and emotional blackmail), daily criticism, humiliations etc. This part contains numerous contents, so the inner saboteur is very powerful. In my judgement then her dependent personality developed as a result of the above dynamics and within her early relational experiences described above. Her dependent tendency creates significant anxiety and difficulty in her current relations with people, especially in her relationship with her father from which she cannot separate completely. 11. Management plans The first few sessions were focussed on normalizing her feelings of ambivalence in relationships and her over dependence on other people’s decisions. I also highlighted her strengths for her in our early session. For instance the fact that she took the initiative to emancipate her from her parents at age 16 and that she entered counselling out of her own accord showed resilience and strength and would be useful in our sessions. Key aspects to work on and therapeutic goals (a) Help Katrina to talk about the abuse; (b) validate the Katrina’s experience and feelings; (d) help to correct misperceptions of blame and responsibility for the abuse; (e) encourage Katrina to formulate and reach goals for personal coping and healing The first phase focused on stabilization and mastery: building the therapeutic relationship; reduction and containment of stress-related symptoms; establishing safety; and coping with current life problems. The second phase we dealt with integration of traumatic memories. The final phase was concerned with self-development, relational development, and adaptation to daily life. PHASE 1: THE THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE Katrina was hesitant about returning to counselling. She was sceptical about her safety in a therapeutic environment as a result of her previous experience in therapy. I was aware that Katrina had been dealing well with the impact of the sexual abuse, but her adult desire for stable relationships and being able to assert herself in these relationships called for therapy from a mature perspective. I worked to establish positive rapport. Employing a person-centred approach throughout the first few sessions established a safe environment. Katrina chose the topics for the initial sessions. I used open-ended questions to avoid leading her, and helped her determine which difficulties were of primary importance. Treatment had to deal with both the underlying history of trauma and the current symptoms. Once rapport was firmly established, Katrina felt she was safe and her feelings were understood. PHASE 2: ADDRESSING PAST TRAUMA SYMPTOMS Examples of associated problems that need to be understood within a diagnostic and treatment approach for childhood abuse are a pattern of disrupted development, loss of self-sustaining identity. In this phase we explored her ambivalent feelings toward her parents and her ambivalent self-concept or self-experience. We also explored ways she has come to understand her childhood abuse. I was aware of transference and my own counter transference in our sessions. I interpreted the transference for her and we worked on integrating her identity. For example she felt like an abused person and it was so strongly related to her self-concept that it took over her life. We worked on redefining herself as someone who just happened to be the victim of abuse. Example of countertransference: I had a feeling that I wanted to give Katrina advice and wanted to give her solutions. I also had the feeling like I have to protect her in some way. I tried to meet Katrina’s need for security by setting clear limits of therapy, by concluding a therapeutic agreement with her, by informing her of the characteristics of the therapy and by telling her that there are no right and wrong answers. I accepted her in her wholeness, including her depressive, gloomier part and her history of abuse. I did not denounce her when she thought I would. All this contributed to creation of a sense of safety in the therapy; she felt that she could show herself such as she was, without causing my respect towards her to diminish or without my criticizing or rejecting her. All this helped her to be less reluctant to continue with psychotherapy. During that phase of therapy Katrina gradually expressed her anger better, particularly in her relation to father. It was a great achievement also that she expressed anger to her mother to whom she previously never set limits. Katrina found out that each expression of anger does not necessarily provoke conflict, violence and termination of a relationship. Katrina still finds it hard to experience anger with parents, as feelings of guilt and self-blame appear. What follows are examples of our sessions: Session 6 Katrina surprised me by bringing her boyfriend with into our session. It was noteworthy as the supposed reason for our sessions has nothing to do with him. She did not involve him in the session and he was more like an observer. I commented on his presence and asked if he will join us each time. They both said no. This is something I would like to explore further in our future sessions. We explored strategies to deal with her insecurity in interpersonal situations. I asked her to name 5 rules she lives by relating to her relations with people. Most of them seemed to point to a certain notion that there is condition upon if other people would accept her contributions to any interaction. She does this in our sessions as well, for example: she would say something like the following: I want to ask you something but I am afraid that you would think I am crazy and stupid for asking it. I know it’s not the right thing for me to be thinking of and I am afraid you will think less of me. I asked her to think of other relationships in which she engages with this thinking in. She identified that this is why she came for counselling. That she feels that if she is not perfect and always the way other people would like her to be they (everyone) would not accept her. She went as far that she fears that people would totally reject her and banish her from their lives permanently. I ended the session by giving her homework. She had to identify some of her rules that she feels is operating in her relationships with others. I then asked her to write them down and next to each one write down an alternative to this rule one that is in essence contradictory. . Session 7 We discussed her homework and I commented on her resourcefulness in coming up with good alternatives. It made her feel empowered. I thought to try and relate what we have discussed in our previous session to her bringing her boyfriend to therapy. I asked Katrina on the incidence of bringing her boyfriend with. She said that she felt safer when he is around. I hypothesised that our previous session made her feel vulnerable as we explored where her interpersonal mistrust and anxiety could’ve emerged and she related this to her relationships with both her parents. I asked if that she felt exposing these quite personal details at me she felt that I would reject her and related it to the rules that we discussed in session 4. It was in this session that she cried and really showed strong emotion when she spoke about her father and even more so her mother. A definite area to explore more!!!!! PHASE 3: Self-development, relational development, and adaptation to daily life. Session 6 Having not seen each other for over a month as a result of exams and the holiday and we did some catching up. She said that she felt better and feels that she can handle the interpersonal insecurities she felt better. In session 4 we spoke about being aware when these feelings, which we agreed to, call uncertainty, emerges. Then immediately challenging them with something like there are no conditions of people’s acceptance of me. They will accept me and my decisions and contributions for who I am and for what it is. She asked my advice on a decision she had to make after a disagreement with her father over the weekend about her 21st birthday party. I asked her if it would make a difference if I told her what to do. We went back and forth on this and I asked her if it is important for her for me to think that she is making the right decision. She said that she thinks that I am â€Å"clever† and educated and that if I agree with her she would know it is the right decision. I asked her if she always feel the necessity to check in with other people before she makes decisions. She said that she always feels uncertain, especially when it comes to her father as he is manipulating and knows how to make her feel guilty about her decisions. She said that this has always been the case. I told her that my advice would be irrelevant and asked her to give me the options and the outcomes of decisions regarding this situation. This opened up a space in which we could discuss her relationship with her father and her story about this relationship in depth. She told a story of her father being a loving and caring father if she was exactly the way he wanted her to be and did what he expected of her. If she disagreed with him he would tell her that she has to choose between his view points or she could pack her stuff and leave his home. This is still the case and it is a huge fear of Katrina that when she shows any disagreement with her father’s wishes he would completely reject her and shut her out of his life permanently. I asked her the following questions to confirm my hypothesis that she might fit into the dependent personality diagnosis. †¢Some people enjoy making decisions. Others prefer to have someone they trust guide them. Which do you prefer? Her response : I would prefer someone guiding me. Do you seek advice for everyday decisions? Her response : Always †¢Do you find yourself in situations where other people have made decisions about important areas in your life, e. g. what to wear, where to go out to, what to study ect.? Her response : All the time. †¢Is it hard for you to express a different opinion with someone you are close to? What do you t hink might happen if you did? Her response. Our relationship will end†¦. Ummm well maybe not end but they will leave me and I’ll have to beg them to stay. †¢Do you often pretend to agree with others even if you do not? Why? Do you think it could get you into trouble if you disagree? I always agree, especially with my mom and dad. I don’t want them to leave me because they think I am a rebel or something. †¢Do you often need help to get started on a project? No †¢Do you ever volunteer to do unpleasant things for others so they will take care of you when you need it? If I think about it I have done it often in the past. †¢Are you uncomfortable when you are alone? Are you afraid you will not be able to take care of yourself? I have to be around at least one other person. I am terrified of being alone. Have you found that you are desperate to get into another relationship right away when a close relationship ends? Even if the new relationship might not be the best person for you? I had boyfriends who abused me, just like my father did but I stayed with them for a long time. I have never been single not once since high school, since I started dating no matter how bad the relationship wa s before the new one I always quickly found a new boyfriend. The one that I have now is the best thing that ever happened to me. †¢Do you worry about important people in your life leaving you? I am very anxious that they will especially my boyfriend, my father and my mother After these sessions we began to set real life goals like for example. Asking her dad for coffee in a public place and talking to him about what concerns her. She was very scared to do this but she did it and disconfirmed her beliefs regarding him leaving her if she speaks her mind. He actually embraced it and their relationship has become more realistic and reciprocal. He now phones her and she could decide what she wanted to do with her 21st birth day party something he had took over from her. She has also confronted her mother about her concerns about the example her mother sets for her sisters when her boyfriend stays over and they get, well a little loud in the bedroom. She spoke to her lecturers regarding her bad marks and attempted to rectify her poor academic performance. Although she still fails the subject she feels good about trying to do something about it and having the courage to face the lecturer. We discussed termination and I suggested that we see each other on a bi-weekly basis. I did not want her to become dependent on me and on the therapy. She then suggested that we terminate in our next session as she felt â€Å"ready to take on her responsibilities and face the music†. I suggested that we see each other for two more sessions just to reflect back on our journey and top identify the resources she is now able to utilise. 12. Issues for discussion Did I follow a suitable therapy journey with her. References Erskine, R. G. (2007). Unconscious process, transference and therapeutic awareness. Workshop on Institute IPSA. Ljubljana, Slovenia. Little, R. (2001). Schizoid Processes: Working with the defences of the withdrawn child ego state. Transactional Analysis Journal, 31 (1), 33-43. How to cite Object Relations Case Formulation, Essay examples

London 2 free essay sample

London London began on two little spots of dry land in the center of a fen on the north bank of the Thames. That was long before the Romans came. In Roman times it was named Londinium, and was already a booming Centre of trade. Since so London has grown and grown in political and military importance, in trade and wealth. After the pestilence of 1665 and the Great Fire of London of 1666, much of London was rebuilt under the way of Christopher Wren. The Industrial Revolution ( 18thcentury ) and the coming of the railwaies ( mid. 19th) accelerated its growing. Much was destroyed by air foraies in the Second World War, and rebuilding has given parts of London a new perpendicular, geometrical facet. It is a multiracial metropolis with big population groups from former British Empire. Today London covers a greater country than any other metropolis in the universe. London has approximately eight million dwellers, and it is the capital of England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom and the former British Empire. London is one of the biggest ports in the universe, though it is situated far from the sea. It stands on the river Thames, about fourty stat mis from its oral cavity. London is traditionally divided into several parts: the City, the West End, Westminster and the East End. The City of London The City of London is the commercial and fiscal bosom of the UK. The City is approximately the London of the Middle Ages. It is about one square stat mi in country and merely a few thousand people live here. But about half a million people come here to work during the twenty-four hours. The Stock Exchange, the Royal Exchange, the Bank of England are all situated in the City. The Tower of London and St. Paul # 8217 ; s Cathedral are the chief sights located in this territory. The Tower of Londonwas founded by William the 1stin 1078. Originally it was a fortress, so a prison, a castle, and now it is a museum lodging the national Collection of Armour, the Crown Jewels and the Royal Regalia. The Imperial State Crown is exhibited in the Tower. It contains about three thousand cherished rocks ; its weight is about 16 kg. The eyeball and the sceptres represent the power of the monarchy that you can experience everyplace here. The Royal Scepter has the largest cut diamond in the universe # 8211 ; the 530 carats Star of Africa. The Tower was the eyewitness of the most tragic and bloody events in British History. Edward the Fifth and his brothers, Charles Stuart, Queen Elizabeth the Fitst, Thomas More, Guy Fawkes and many other outstanding Englishmans and adult females were among the Tower # 8217 ; s captives. The Tower is still guarded by the Yeoman Warders, the celebrated yeomans, who wear a traditional 16thcentury Tudor uniform. Modern Yeoman Warders ( of whom there are about fourty ) are still members of the Queen # 8217 ; s escort and are all former warrant officers from Her Majesty # 8217 ; s Forces. Today the yeomans combine their traditional function with the function of the ushers. Aboard with the yeomans, for many centuries the Tower has been guarded by the Corvus coraxs, and these birds are a symbol of the Tower. There is a fable that every bit long as the Corvus coraxs are in the Tower, Britain will be. Fortunately, these respected occupants, since the reign of King Charles the Second, have been protected by the royal edict. The Corvus coraxs are cared for by one of the Yeoman Warders called the Ravenmaster. The wings of the bird are now clipped to forestall them from winging off. The ancient ceremonial of the Keys takes topographic point every dark at 10 p.m. and attracts many tourers. At this ceremonial, a version of which has been performed every night for 100s of old ages, the outer Gatess of the Tower are locked and the keys are delivered to the Resident Governor of the Tower. St. Paul # 8217 ; s Cathedralis besides in the City of London. It is a chef-doeuvre of the well-known English designer Sir Christopher Wren. The old edifice of the Cathedral, founded in 604 and rebuilt several times, was unhappily in demand of fixs and Christopher Wren was called on to transport out the fixs and alternations. But he was prevented from making this by the pestilence and the Great Fire of London of 1666 that destroyed the cathedral. Merely eight old ages subsequently, after the ruins were cleared off, the new work was begun. It took Wren 35 old ages to construct the Cathedral. When he died he was buried in St. Paul # 8217 ; s. The Cathedral represents inspiration, beauty and workmanship on a expansive graduated table. The architectural manner of St. Paul # 8217 ; s is called Baroque, which combines authoritative lines with a strong sense of dynamic motion. The dome of the Cathedral is 365 pess high ; it is the 2nd largest in the universe, following to St. Peter # 8217 ; s in Rome. Beneath the dome there is the famed Whispering Gallery, called so because a susurration against the wall can be heard on the opposite side # 8211 ; about 42 meters off. Among the many commemorations to celebrated work forces within the Cathedral are the grave of the Duke of Wellington ( the Victor of Waterloo ) and Admiral Nelson ( the hero of Trafalgar ) . St. Paul # 8217 ; s Cathedral is still a topographic point of regular Christian services, baptisms, nuptialss, and particular services # 8211 ; some of national importance, for illustration, the nuptials of the Prince of Wales to the Lady Diana Spencer. Westminster For about one thousand old ages Westminster has been the place of Britain # 8217 ; s authorities, and for most of that clip the place of its sovereign. Westminster, intending the monastery to the West, is a portion of London where the Queen # 8217 ; s abode, the Prime Minister # 8217 ; s abode and the authorities offices are situated. That is a # 8220 ; territory of power # 8221 ; . The Houses of Parliament, or Westminster Palace, is situated on the bank of the Thames, near Westminster Bridge. Edward the Confessor, England # 8217 ; s king from 1042 to 1066, chose Westminster as the site for his royal castle. Since that clip the castle has been rebuilt many times. Almost every English sovereign altered the edifice in some manner. In 1265 Westminster Hall, the largest hall in Europe at that clip, which was added by the boy of William the Conqueror, was the scene of England # 8217 ; s first parliament. From the 14thto the 19thcentury the hall was used chiefly by the King # 8217 ; s Courts of Law. Westminster remained in usage as the royal abode, where Parliament besides met, until the 16thcentury, when Henry VIII in 1512 moved his abode to Whitehall and so to St. James # 8217 ; s Palace. In 1834 most of the Parliament edifices were destroyed by a fire. The Houses of Parliament were rebuilt by Sir Charles Barry in the late Perpendicular Gothic manner. The House of Lords and the House of Commons were ready by 1850. The Commons Chamber, nevertheless, was once more destroyed during an air foray in 1941. There are two large towers in the modern edifice: at the western terminal of the edifice is the Victoria Tower, completed in 1860, under which is the Sovereign # 8217 ; s Entrance, built for the one-year ceremonial State Opening of Parliament. At the eastern terminal is the Clock Tower, completed in 1858, so good known that it has become a symbol of London. The Tower is 320 pess high and its clock is said to be one of the most accurate in the universe. The other name of the Clock Tower is Large Ben. Actually it is the name of the clock bell called so after Sir Benjamin Hall, overseer of plants when the clock was installed. The bell # 8217 ; s weight is about 13 dozenss. Big Ben chimes the hours to notes from Handel # 8217 ; s music. Westminster Abbeyis situated non far from Westminster Palace. It is the main church of England ( St. Paul # 8217 ; s is the main church of London ) . Westminster Abbey is first mentioned in a papers of the 10thcentury. Originally there was a monastery or a church at that place. In the 11thcentury Edward the Confessor rebuilt it. Nothing of this church remains. The contemporary edifice was begun by Henry VIII ( 13thcentury ) , and from that twenty-four hours on extensions and alterations in the Westminster Abbey continued for many centuries, the last major add-on is the fa # 231 ; fruit drink of the 18thcentury. Despite the scope of clip it covers, the Westminster Abbey is a harmonious whole in the English Gothic manner. It is non merely architecture that makes Westminster Abbey one of the most popular topographic points in London. The Westminster Abbey is besides a museum of memorials and commemorations to the great work forces of the yesteryear. Here are solons, scientists, philosophers. In Westminster Abbey the British sovereigns are crowned and many are buried. Literary work forces are gathered in Poet # 8217 ; s Corner, among them Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, William Thackeray, Rudyard Kipling. Those who have commemorations here, although they are buried EL sewhere, include William Wordsworth, John Keats, Percy Shelley, Robert Burns, William Blake, Jane Austen, sisters Bronte , William Shakespeare. Scientists buried in the Abbey include Newton, Darwin, Kelvin. Near the Abbey # 8217 ; s west door is one of the best known commemorations in the church, the grave of the Unknown Warrior whose organic structure was brought from France and buried here in 1920. The grave commemorates those who were killed during the First World War, 1914-1918, and whose topographic point of entombment is unknown. The lettering on black marble includes the sentence # 8220 ; They buried him among the male monarchs because he had done good toward God and toward his House # 8221 ; . BuckinghamPalaceis besides in Westminster. It is the official London abode of the royal household. The castle is a gray rock edifice. The winging Royal Standard over the Palace proclaims that the Queen is in the Palace. The edifice of the castle was constructed in the 18thcentury for the Duke of Buckingham, and was called Buckingham House. King George III was greatly admired by the castle and bought it as a household place in 1762 for 28 000 lbs. In the 19thcentury the celebrated designer John Nash enlarged the castle and gave it a expansive archway, called the Marble Arch, which was subsequently moved to Hyde Park, because it turned out to be excessively narrow for the royal manager. The first sovereign to populate in Buckingham Palace was Queen Victoria. The latest alteration as made in 1913, when Sir Aston Webb rebuilt the fa # 231 ; fruit drink of the edifice in the neoclassical manner. The populace is admitted into the castle to see the Royal Equus caballuss and managers and the Queen # 8217 ; s gallery. The ceremonial called Changing of the Guard takes topographic point every forenoon in forepart of Buckingham Palace and lasts about 30 proceedingss. This ceremonial is a symbol of the most glorious traditions of the British monarchy. In forepart of the Gatess of Buckingham Palace there is theQueen Victoria Memorial. Victoria was greatly loved by her topics who placed a memorial in her honor in forepart of the castle from which she ruled the state for more than 60 old ages. The immense memorial made of marble and bronze was erected in 1901. Buckingham Palace facesSt. James # 8217 ; s Park, one of the most beautiful Parkss of London. The park is celebrated for its nice lakes where all sorts of waterfowls find a place. The park extends from Buckingham Palace to Whitehall, one of the chief streets of London.The Cenotaph, the memorial to those killed during the universe wars, is in Whitehall. The # 8220 ; empty tomb # 8221 ; is a Grecian word significance # 8220 ; an empty grave # 8221 ; . It looks like a field obelisk. Whitehallhas besides become the Centre for authorities offices, most of which day of the month from the 18thcentury and subsequently, among them are the Home Office, the Foreign Office, The War Office every bit good as the abode of the British Prime Minister in Downing Street. The house at figure 10 was given to Robert Walpole by George the Second in 1732. The West End The West End is a portion of London where people go to make shopping and entertain themselves. The most expensive and epicurean London stores, hotels, eating houses, theaters and films are in the West End # 8211 ; in Oxford Street, Bond Street, Regent Street. The best London museums and galleries are located in the West End. Trafalgar Squareis situated in the West End excessively. Trafalgar Square was completed in 1841. It commemorates the great conflict, which Admiral Nelson won in 1805 against the Franco-Spanish fleet ; Nelson himself lost his life in the conflict. The tall granite column, 1445 pess high, in the Centre of the square is dedicated to Nelson. The statue of the admiral is on the top of the column. At the base of the column are four tremendous king of beastss, typifying the power of Britain. Two big fountains with bluish H2O adorn the square. Trafalgar Square is the topographic point for assorted presentations. The National Galleryandthe National Portrait Galleryare to be found in Trafalgar Square. The National Gallery was founded in 1824 with merely 38 pictures. Now it contains one of the best in the universe aggregations of European pictures including the chef-doeuvres of Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Raphael, Rembrandt, Van Gogh and others. The present twenty-four hours edifice was built in 1839. The National Portrait Gallery contains over 9000 portrayals of British outstanding work forces and adult females from the 16thto the twentiethcentury. It is a gallery of great people, non great creative persons. English pictures and modern European and American Art can be seen inthe Tate Galleryoverlooking the Thames. The gallery was opened by Sir Henry Tate, the sugar refiner, in 1897. The pictures by celebrated English creative persons Turner, Blake, Constable, Hogarth, Gainsborough and the sculptures by Rodin and Epstein are exhibited here. The British Museumis one of the richest in the universe. Behind its classical fa # 231 ; ade lies one of the universe # 8217 ; s most fabulous hoarded wealth shops. The museum was founded in 1753 with a aggregation of books, manuscripts, pictures, old-timers donated by Sir Hans Sloane, physician of George II, on status that 20 000 lbs was paid to his girl on his decease. The aggregation expanded in 1757 when King George II presented the museum with the royal Library, a aggregation of books gathered by the male monarchs and Queenss of England from Tudor times. The modern edifice of the Museum was constructed in 1852 divine by the classical Greek manner. Among the museum # 8217 ; s best known antiquities are Grecian sculptures from the Parthenon in Athens, the Egyptian Rosetta Stone dating from 196 BC, a aggregation of gold and silverware of the Renaissance period. The British Museum # 8217 ; s Library contains over six million volumes. South Kensingtonis a portion of the West End which is sometimes called London # 8217 ; s museumland. In the 19thcentury this country was developed as a cultural Centre on the enterprise of Prince Albert ( Queen Victoria # 8217 ; s hubby ) . There are four big museums:the Natural History Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Geological Museum and the Science Museum. The Victoria and Albertis a museum of all right and applied humanistic disciplines of all states, manners and periods. The museum exhibits scope from armor to watercolor and woodwork. A must for many tourers to London is a visit toMadameMarie grosholtz # 8217 ; s, the bittersweets museum where the figures seem even more existent than the masters. A two-storeyed house inBaker Streetattracts detective narrative lovers from all over the universe. This is the house where, harmonizing to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the celebrated investigator Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson lived. The house was turned into a museum in 1990. Hyde Park is the largest in London. It was one time the belongings of Westminster Abbey. Then the park was a wood in which the sovereign hunted cervid, wolves and bears, James I opened the park to the populace. Modern Londoners like to take long walks over the park # 8217 ; s grassy inclines, go siting at that place. Or else, they go to the Speaker # 8217 ; s Corner, where on Sundays speechmakers of all kinds stand up and speak of anything at all. Piccadilly Circusis a little irregularly shaped square, which is considered to be the Centre of London. There is an old tradition harmonizing to which the British citizens should run into on this topographic point at least one time in their life-time. The Statue of Eros is in the Centre of the square. The West End is besides known as # 8220 ; theatreland # 8221 ; . There are more than 50 theaters in London. They range in size from the bantam May Fair ( 310 ) to the elephantine Coliseum with its capacity of 2 352. The oldest theater is Drury Lane ( 1663 ) . One of the newest is the National Theatre, opened in 1976 and uniting three theaters under one roof. Covent Garden is the universe # 8217 ; s celebrated London # 8217 ; s Opera House. The Globe Theatre is still the topographic point where Shakespeare # 8217 ; s dramas are staged. Until late London # 8217 ; s two chief concert halls were the Royal Albert Hall and the Royal Festival Hall. In 1982 a new art Centre # 8211 ; the Barbican was opened by the Queen. It is the largest art composite in Europe with the largest concert hall, an art gallery, several exhibition halls and eating houses. The East End The East End is the poorest portion of London and the industrial Centre of the capital. Most of London workss, mills, docks are situated in the East End. Workers live here. The streets here are narrower and dirtier but the stores are inexpensive. Peoples who live in the East End call themselves cockneys. The word # 8220 ; Cockney # 8221 ; is a reasonably broad term, intending # 8220 ; a true Londoner # 8221 ; . Cockneys have their ain peculiar idiom, their ain bends of phrase, Proverbs and their ain speech pattern.